Systems and Methods of Advanced Warning for Clinical Deterioration in Patients

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems determine risks of deterioration of hospitalized or other monitored or cared-for patients, for example in a treatment facility such as a hospital or under home-health care. In embodiments, a warning or other instruction is issued to medical professionals to alert them that certain patients have moderate or high risk of transfer to a higher level of care or should be monitored more frequently. A medical professional can accept alerts regarding prediction of deterioration, causing a prophylactic transfer or increased monitoring, or a transfer or monitoring order can occur automatically. Data relating to all patients in a unit of a medical facility can be viewed including warnings relating to risk of transfer or deterioration, so that a medical facility can intervene prior to an event such as a cardiac event and/or plan to accommodate patients at higher levels of care or monitoring.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of nonprovisional U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/731,747, filed Dec. 31, 2019, entitled “Systemsand Methods of Advanced Warning for Clinical Deterioration in Patients,”which claims the benefit of and priority to provisional U.S. Patent App.No. 62/786,662, filed Dec. 31, 2018, entitled “Systems and Methods ofAdvanced Warning for Clinical Deterioration in Patients,” each of whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Typical methods for monitoring patients for deterioration are based onmanual observations by medical practitioners. For example, patients on ahospital floor or in a step-down unit may be monitored by nurses orother professionals at certain intervals for changes in their conditionsin order to determine if a rapid response team or transfer to anintensive care unit is necessary. In many cases, various professionalseach monitor a patient at different times while also monitoring otherpatients, and changes or trends in a patient's condition can be toosubtle to perceive, and therefore only substantial changes in apatient's condition may be observed.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subjectmatter. The present invention is defined by the claims.

In brief and at a high level, this disclosure describes, among otherthings, methods, systems, and computer-storage media for warning medicalprofessionals that a patient's condition is deteriorating and transferto an intensive care unit (ICU) or other escalation may be more likelyor necessary, including prophylactic transfer in some cases. In somecases, deterioration in adult inpatients is defined by a hard endpointof transfer to a higher level of inpatient care, for example within thenext 24 hours of patient care. By monitoring electronic medical records(EMRs) for subtle changes that would not be detected by one or moremedical professionals treating many patients over time, embodiments ofthe invention can warn professionals that a patient's condition isdeteriorating and the patient's care is likely to be upgraded. EMRsprovide an amount of data that can be monitored at a subtle level overtime despite more than one medical professional being involved with apatient's care. Data from EMRs including, for example, informationreceived continuously or nearly-continuously from one or systems ordevices monitoring a patient, or increases in interventions by medicalprofessionals, can be nuanced and change too slowly for medicalprofessionals to notice trends over time, but one or more trends can beused by embodiments of the present invention to predict whether apatient is at a moderate, high, or critical risk for transfer to ahigher level of care. EMR data permits automated capture ofseverity-of-illness data including acute physiologic changes that areuseful for automated early warning systems, and, in embodiments of thepresent invention, integration and use of the now-abundant EMR data canbe achieved.

This level of data may not have been available prior to EMRs, and/ormedical professionals with multiple patients may not be able to detectsmall changes in one patient during the intervals where data iscollected about a patient. In some cases, a prediction of deteriorationmay lead to a patient being transferred to an ICU or step-downtreatment, or another elevated level of care with additional monitoring,for example. In embodiments, additional monitoring is used to continuepredicting deterioration, in some cases at smaller intervals (such astwo-hour intervals) because the data is available after increasedmonitoring. In some cases, transfer can be from a medical-surgical wardto an intensive care or progressive/intermediate care unit.

Embodiments of the present invention include warnings or alerts tomedical professionals based on models of data, including in some casesdata from distributed data sources. A patient's data can be analyzed ata 24-hour mark, when four sets of data for the patient are availablebased on 8-hour intervals or time points during the 24-hour period. Thefour sets of data can be used to determine four scores relating to thepatient's severity of illness, and to determine, for example, threechanges or trends associated with the scores over time. Certainsequences or patterns of changes or trends (for example, the foursequences represented by “uff,” “ufu,” “uuf,” and “uuu”) of thetwenty-seven combinations of possible sequences of three (using Up,Down, and Flat) are used to determine whether to display a particulardeterioration warning for a patient, such as a critical level ofdeterioration risk, and can be continuously updated over time.

In this example, using sequences of three vectors or representations ofchanges of SOI scores for a patient, twenty-seven possible combinationsof Up, Down, and Flat exist (in some cases accounting for or using onlysignificant indications of Up, Down, and Flat, such as applying a marginof error, and in some cases accounting for missing or null data points).Of these twenty-seven combinations for this particular illustration of asequence of vectors (which can include more in some cases, such assequences of five or ten, in some cases where a system determines themto be valuable or significant), there are four combinations in thisexample with a relatively higher or substantially more significant riskof deterioration, for example in certain time period. In some casesthese sequences alone are implanted to make predictions regardingpatients. For various circumstances, certain numbers of combinations ofvectors or changes in SOI scores can be identified as associated with ahigher or substantially higher risk of deterioration or transfer, suchas indicating an over 50% or 80% likelihood of transfer to higher carewithin the next 24 hours.

In some cases, the scores relating to a patient's severity of illnessover three or more time intervals are used in combination with one ormore equations to determine a level or risk of deterioration. Forexample, a series of logistic regression models can be used toinvestigate the role of individual elements in the identification ofpatients' risks of deterioration. For example, a multivariate logisticregression procedure can be used to adjust or refine determinations ofdeterioration alerts based on sequences of changes in scores, or certainsequences of changes in scores alone (such as sets of three) can beused. In embodiments, each calculation considers a patient's previous 24hours of data, for example (or another time period, including changesover any time period during a patient's stay, for example from admissionto a current point in time). The warnings can enable medicalprofessionals to increase the monitoring of a patient and, in somecases, allow caregivers to prevent transfers of patients to higherlevels of care. For example, an early, predictive warning could allow anurse or physician to increase the intervals where a patient's vitalsigns or other data will be collected in order to detect subtle or earlychanges in vital signs or resulting scores relating to the severity ofillness over intervals and resulting trends. In other cases, medicalprofessionals could receive early warnings of patients that will likelyneed transfer in order to prepare accommodations for the patients. Inembodiments, computer-based predictions for patient deterioration and/ortransfer are improved, which can help avoid escalations or transfers ofpatients. In some cases, use of rapid response teams can be decreased bydetecting deterioration of a patient sooner, based on data that medicalprofessionals would not observe in the course of treatment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the attacheddrawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a chart illustrating relationships between eight-hourintervals of patient care and average severity scores considered inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a chart illustrating sequences of results considered regardingdeterioration of a patient in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary view of data relating to a selected patientincluding a warning in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary interface including a table of patients in a carepredictor unit showing deterioration alerts, for example in one unit ofa medical facility;

FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating examples of independent variables thatcan be considered regarding deterioration of a patient in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of aspects of systems in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a diagram of aspects of systems in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject matter of the present invention is described withspecificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, thedescription itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent.Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject mattermight also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps orcombinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, inconjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, thedescriptions or terms herein should not be interpreted as implying anyparticular order among or between various steps disclosed unless andexcept when the order of individual steps is explicitly described.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods, systems,and computer-storage media for providing early, proactive warnings tomedical professionals that one or more patients' conditions aredeteriorating. In some cases, the warning or alert enables medicalprofessionals to prevent a transfer to a higher level of care, such asan ICU. In some cases, a warning allows a medical professional to beginmonitoring a patient at more frequent intervals, or to prepare afacility for an upgrade in care for a certain patient.

The present invention, including specific and non-conventionaltechniques and combinations of techniques that improve systems relatingto electronic medical data or monitoring or storage devices, might beoperational with numerous computing system environments orconfigurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments,and/or configurations that might be suitable for use with the presentinvention include personal computers, server computers, hand-held orlaptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems,set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs,minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environmentsthat include any of the above-mentioned systems or devices, and thelike.

The present invention can be described in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer. Exemplary program modules comprise routines,programs, objects, components, and data structures that performparticular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Thepresent invention might be practiced in distributed computingenvironments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices thatare linked through a communications network. In a distributed computingenvironment, program modules might be located in association with localand/or remote computer storage media (e.g., memory storage devices).

With reference to FIG. 1, the illustrative chart 100 shows intervals110, such as the eight-hour intervals 110 in FIG. 1, numbered back fromthe end of patient's stay along the x-axis. For example, a patient maybe discharged or transferred to another level of care at zero hours, onthe far-right of the x-axis as shown in FIG. 1. The vertical line 114indicated at marker “3” indicates the point 24 hours prior to transferor discharge of a patient, which represents three eight-hour intervalsprior to transfer or discharge. The dashed line 118 in chart 100indicates patients who were eventually transferred, for example, whilethe solid line 122 indicates patients who were not transferred duringcare at a facility. In this example, chart 100 shows changes in averageseverity scores prior to transfer or discharge, including changes duringthe last three eight-hour intervals prior to transfer or discharge.

In some cases, one or more mean severity scores are severity of illness(SOI) scores for patients, which can correlate to mortality and lengthof stay for a patient, for example. SOI scores can be an overall SOIscore as well as its major components: a Physiology Index, ComorbidityIndex, and a Support Index, in one example, as discussed below, and canbe a measure of a patient's current physiologic and therapeutic status.In some cases, an SOI score is determined based on a patient's initial24 hours of hospitalization and can depend on multiple components,including inputs such as temperature, mean arterial pressure, restingheart rate, laboratory results, and/or a subset of comorbidities thatare assigned points (such as, for example, bleeding, stroke, dementia,etc.). In some cases, diagnoses can have an additive or compoundingeffect with additional points or weight assigned for cases with morethan one diagnoses or certain combinations of diagnoses.

In embodiments, the direction, magnitude, and velocity of changes in SOIscores throughout a patient's hospital stay are considered to create anew time series of SOI values for a patient. Different measures oftrends in patients' SOI scores over a 24-hour period, for example scorescalculated at a beginning time point and at three successive 8-hourintervals, can be considered, including the slope, range, movingaverages, and root-mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), inembodiments, in some cases with a threshold of 20% or greater change toclassify an SOI observation as “Up” or “Down,” for example, as discussedin more detail below. Typically, vital signs that are ordered to betaken every eight hours can be used, but data from other intervals orthe last valid value(s) can also be used. In embodiments, an analysisincludes vital signs, laboratory values, individual comorbiditiescaptured by ICD-10 coding, for example, and support items associatedwith a patient. Comorbidity can include bleeding/stroke, cancer, cardiacarrest or myocardial infraction, and/or valve disease, in some cases. Itshould be understood that various measures or time points within aperiod of duration can be used to calculate scores and trends asdescribed, for example every two hours in an 8-hour period, or at theend of a 12-hour period where four instances of medical data relating tothe patent (for example at the beginning and at 3-hour intervals) exist,or at every five or thirty minutes in a 2-hour period, with options thatcan be provided to users based on circumstances such as the availabilityof data, the length of a patient's stay, resources available, medical orpublic health considerations, etc. In some cases, systems can recommendtime periods and/or data times and/or points for consideration based onthe information available and the types of concerns at issue, such asevacuation concerns or patients dealing with additional timesensitivities such as pregnancy or impending surgery. Systems canpredict or detect time points associated with patient data likely tohave, or recognized as having, a higher certainty or usefulness tousers.

In embodiments of the present invention, SOI scores and other data canbe used to prevent a “failure to rescue” by medical professionals, forexample by detecting clinical deterioration of a patient earlier, insome cases based on changes in data that are not noticeable by a team ofmedical professionals treating a patient. In some cases, a forewarningcan provide additional time to alter a patient's path of decline, whichcould potentially avoid intervention by a rapid response team or avoid a“code blue,” such as cardiac or respiratory arrest. Embodiments includean ongoing deterioration detection system that continuously assessespatients' electronic medical data and uses predictive analytics tomeasure a patient's risk for decline and provide a warning ornotification to medical professionals. In some cases, equations areused, in addition to a sequence of three changes in SOI scores over a24-four period, for example based on machine learning techniques orregression models, but in other cases certain sequence(s) of changes(e.g., “uff,” “ufu,” “uuf,” and “uuu”) can be used to identify a levelof deterioration risk (e.g., a critical level) without additionalcalculations. In embodiments, each score calculated is associated with apatient's outcome and can be validated against data sets for accuracy,including against or while considering characteristics such as race,hospital bed size, and/or whether a hospital is a teaching hospital. Forexample, models for predicting dependent variables on the developmentdata set can be used. In some cases, an overall model for predictingdeterioration can include sub-models for physiology, support, andcomorbidities using the same logistic regression approach or predictiveanalytics such as machine learning techniques.

On average, SOI scores decrease over time for patients consistent withtheir overall clinical improvement. But, the slope of the line can besteeper for patients who are discharged uneventfully than for those whodeteriorate and go on to transfer to a higher level of care. Forpatients that begin to deteriorate, the rate of change in SOI scores canflatten then increase again prior to transfer, for example between 24and 48 hours prior to transfer. Therefore, an SOI sequence associatedwith four data points or sets—for example taken at the beginning of a24-hour time period and every eight hours or at three intervals (e.g.,three eight-hour intervals)—can detect early signs of patients' need foran increased level of care before a critical event, such as a cardiacevent. Embodiments of the present invention can consider and takeadvantage of data, such as certain patient measurements or other datapoints, and their change over time, as compared to analyses of staticdata such as measurements that are a snapshot from one point in time (ortoo few or too spread to provide a basis for determining a trend orpattern associated with a likelihood of deterioration). Embodiments canprovide data over time such as changes in SOI scores, or rely on suchdata over time, and embodiments can use this information in conjunctionwith certain measurements or data in a static form, with the types ofdata optimized based on their usefulness in predictions or trends overtime or their availability, and they can be weighted on these bases, aswell.

In some cases, events can include expected complications of anunderlying illness (for example cardiac arrhythmias after a myocardialinfarction), but in other cases complications can be medical or surgicalinterventions (for example hospital-acquired infections or postoperativehemorrhage). In embodiments of the present invention, factors such asphysiologic derangement (which can be quantified to be a certaindegree), comorbidity, and/or clinical support variables are consideredto predict the likelihood of deterioration of patients. Data for thesefactors can be determined from sequential clinical assessments, forexample, that may be captured in electronic medical records, to detectsubtle changes that a team of medical professionals could not observe asa trend during care of multiple patients. In embodiments, the differencebetween a more-recent SOI score and a previous SOI score is used tocalculate each of the three values in one or more sequences (such as“Up”). In some cases, a percent change such as a threshold percentchange between a later and an earlier SOI score is used to calculatevalues in one or more sequences (such as “Up”). In embodiments, athreshold amount of change may be zero percent, or a value set by a useror system, for example based on significance as detected by embodimentsof a system, is used.

In embodiments, the SOI score is a combination of the Support Index(SI), the Physiology Index (PI), and the Comorbidity Index (CI), eachmultiplied by a scaling factor, representing the combined weightedvalues of the PI, SI, and CI. The score is independent of age,diagnosis, or location in the hospital; which can make the SOI useful asa comparative metric for evaluating patients across units, hospitals, ororganizations. In embodiments, the indices are based on the previous 24hours of EMR data, for example from a patient's hospital encounter,except for the Comorbidity Index. Capturing this variability can makethe score less sensitive to any single data point. SOI scores range from0-100, with higher values indicating increased severity. SOI scores cancorrelate with hospital mortality and length of stay, in some cases witha strong correlation. With respect to one embodiment, a categorizationof comorbidities can be created and defined by groupings of ICD-10codes, with Comorbidity Index ranges from 0 to 18, which includes insome cases seven items: coagulopathy/bleeding, cerebrovascular disease,heart failure, neuromuscular disease, dementia, chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD), compromised immune system, and threeinteractions between terms (cerebrovascular with coagulopathy,cerebrovascular with COPD, and immune compromise with heart failure. AComorbidity Index can provide an assessment of the prognostic burdenimposed by chronic illness and can be a component within the SOI score,in embodiments.

Turning to FIG. 2, a chart 200 of transfer rates versus patterns of SOIscores is shown. In chart 200, the x-axis shows patterns of changes inSOI scores, such as “Down-Down-Down” (“ddd”), or “Down-Down-Flat”(“ddf”). As one example, if three eight-hour intervals of SOI scoresdemonstrate a pattern of either “Up-Flat-Flat” (“uff” in FIG. 2),“Up-Flat-Up” (“ufu”), “Up-Up-Flat” (“uuf”), or “Up-Up-Up” (“uuu”), thena patient can be determined to be at a critical risk of deterioration ora critical risk of being transferred, for example to a higher level ofcare such as an ICU. In these cases, a medical professional couldreceive an alert that a patient is at critical risk of transfer, inorder to intervene and attempt to prevent a transfer or an event such asa cardiac event. An exemplary risk associated with a “Down-Down-Down”pattern 210, and an exemplary risk associated with a “Down-Down-Flat”pattern 214, are illustrated in FIG. 2. The various exemplary risksshown in FIG. 2 are associated with different patterns and based onunderlying data, and they can convey risks of transfer 210, 214 for eachpattern, for example through a user interface of a mobile computingdevice in communication with systems and methods as described herein.The risks associated with the patterns can be displayed as compared to,or with overlaying data showing, one or more average transfer rate(s)218, such as the overall average transfer rate or rates for certainconditions, demographic characteristic(s), or risk factors, for example.Options 222 for taking no action, monitoring, and/or flagging ordirecting that a high or critical risk of transfer be determined andgraphically displayed exist in embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2. One ormore sequences shown in FIG. 2 that are above a “Baseline” or zero risklevel, but below a “critical” risk level (for example sequences shown tothe left of “uff,” “ufu,” “uuf,” and “uuu” on the x-axis) may beconsidered part of a “Monitor” category, and/or they may be consideredto have a relative risk category of “low” or “moderate” risk (or higherthat “low” or “moderate” but still lower than “critical”).

In some cases, certain patterns can indicate that no action isnecessary, such as “Flat-Down-Up” (“fdu”), while other patterns indicatea patient should be monitored or monitored more frequently, such as attwo-hour intervals, for example. In the illustrative example in FIG. 2,the patterns “ddd” (“Down-Down-Down”) through “fff” (Flat-Flat-Flat) areassociated with relatively lower transfer rates and with arecommendation of “No Action” needed by medical professionals.Continuing with this example, the patterns “duu” (“Down-Up-Up”) through“fuu” (“Flat-Up-Up”) are associated with monitoring or increasedmonitoring, while the four patterns discussed above are associated witha high risk of transfer. In an example, the four patterns with thehighest risk of transfer indicate patients that are 50% more likely todeteriorate to the point of requiring transfer to a higher level ofcare. Embodiments can use the relationship between these trends overtime and the likelihood of deterioration to aid medical professionalsand avoid failures to rescue. In one example, a threshold of at least a20% change is used to determine if a patient's SOI score has increasedor decreased during an eight-hour interval. Other intervals can be used,for example if a patient has not been in care for 24 hours or if morefrequent electronic medical data is available to be analyzed. FIG. 2illustrates twenty-seven exemplary, unique patterns of SOI scores duringa sequence of three intervals, with the patterns ordered from left toright by their increased association with a risk of transfer.

As shown in the example in FIG. 2, three categories exist for themost-recent SOI score sequence associated with three intervals, such asthree 8-hour intervals. For example, the sequences of three intervalslabeled “No Action” (patterns “ddd” through “fff” on the x-axis) can becategorized as a “baseline” for patients with average or less thanaverage risks of transfer. The next set of patterns on the x-axis (“duu”through “fuu”) can be associated with an elevated risk of transfer andcategorized as patients with a “moderate risk,” or for some sequences orin some case,s as a “high risk.” Finally, the last four patterns on thex-axis in this example (“uff” through “uuu”) can be associated withpatients categorized as “critical risk,” which can indicate asignificant risk of deterioration and/or transfer to a higher level ofcare such as an ICU. Patients categorized as “critical risk” can besubjects of interventions that may include fluid resuscitation, enhancedmonitoring, or prophylactic transfer to the higher level of care. Insome cases, a category of patients where the relative risk indicates tointervene, such as “critical risk,” can have a risk of subsequentdeterioration that is nearly 2.5 times that of patients in a “baseline”category. Users or providers of systems can configure risk categories,thresholds, labels, and display options, in some cases. For example,various patterns represented on the x-axis can be assigned to thecategory a “moderate” risk, while other sequences can be associated witha “high” or “critical” risk or other configured category, and thesecategories may be adjusted if certain calculations beyond sequences areimplemented. A category or otherwise flagged set of patients may beshown graphically on a display, such as in color (e.g., color-codedtext, such as shading, highlighting, or proximate indicators in acertain color, where the text can be additional and in color orotherwise existing text on an interface using a color) or with otheradditional images or text, for example text relating to an increasedrisk of transfer or text presenting an option for additional data to becaptured for one or more patients.

Table 1, below, illustrates examples of pooled risks for variouscategories and the average transfer rates associated with each relativerisk category. The values and Relative Risk Categories in Table 1 areexemplary illustrations. Other values indicating patients, transfers,and risk rates can be used to categorize patients in embodiments of thepresent invention. Patients can have a “Critical” Relative Risk Categorywith an even higher transfer rate and/or relative risk value than the“High Risk” category. In some cases, patients determined to have aRelative Risk above a value of 1.00 may be patients in a moderate-riskcategory (for example above 1.00 but still below a certain threshold ofrisk), while patients determined to be in “High” and/or “Critical” riskcategories may be identified as above one or more thresholds of risk,for example relating to total patients and transfer rates or othercalculations of relative risk.

Relative Risk Total Percent Transfer Relative Category Patients PatientsTransfers Rate Risk Baseline 33,040 67.48% 1,589 4.81% 1.00 ModerateRisk 10,728 21.91% 791 7.37% 1.53 High or Critical 5,193 10.61% 58711.30% 2.35 Risk 48,961 100.00% 2,967 6.06%

In some cases, SOI scores over a series of three intervals can reveal atrend that accurately represents patients for the time period 24 to 48hours prior to a transfer, which can be used to determine the likelihoodof transfer for each patient in a facility as described above, forexample. In some embodiments, SOI scores over a sequence of threeintervals can be used in addition to or in combination with scores suchas a Physiology Index (PI), Support Index (SI), or Comorbidity Index(CI), which can be absolute scores. These scores can be used inequations to predict outcomes such as mortality, length of stay,deterioration, and/or vent duration, for example, across differentlevels of care in medical facility, including an ICU. SOI scores over asequence of three intervals can capture a patient's deterioration or addincremental value in conjunction with the use of the patient's absoluteSI, PI, and CI scores or, in come cases, other physiological measures oftrend.

A Physiology Index can capture a patient's physiologic variability inthe prior 24 hours and can be comprised of four vital signs (heart rate,respiratory rate, temperature, and mean arterial pressure) and/or threelaboratory values (hematocrit, platelet, and serum sodium), inembodiments. In one example, a Physiology Index is created with atwo-step machine learning approach using, for instance, GeneticAlgorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization. For laboratory values, onlya minimum and maximum value are required over a 24-hour period,providing six lab components to the Physiology Index, in an embodimentof the present invention. In some cases, various treatments can impact aPhysiology Index used to calculate an SOI score, such as antiarrhythmictreatment, non-invasive ventilation, intubation, dialysis, intravenoustreatments, insulin, antibiotics, pacemaker placement, vasopressors,and/or inotropic treatments.

In embodiments, the four vitals and three laboratory values have been orcan be individually tested to investigate the role of these individualmeasures over a patient's hospital stay, and, for example, a patient'srespiratory rate can be a factor in a final model (patients with ahigher “minimum” respiratory rate during their stay at a medicalfacility can be at less risk of transfer). In some cases, data relatingto one or more indices such as the Physiology Index (including otherindices and data discussed herein) can be based on data from 3-hourintervals or other time frames. The low, median, and high results forone or more vital sign measures can be used in the Physiology Index, insome cases. In embodiments, data such as physiology-related data may bereceived or considered on a more-or-less continuous basis, in nearreal-time and in some cases without any human intervention required toreceive additional data, for example where one or more medical ormonitoring devices are in communication with one or more components (oraccessible by them) of embodiments of a system as described herein. Insome cases data is intermittently received such as test results orspecific, discrete monitoring or observations, such as meals ormedications taken. Such information can be received or obtained by asystem as soon as available or it can be requested or pushed to systembased on parameters of configured settings.

One or more treatments can be used to remove points from a patient'sPhysiology Index score, as discussed, for example a pacemaker orantiarrhythmic treatment, because such treatments may be preventative orotherwise make certain escalations or effects less likely. Selectedvariables can be preprocessed to create new numeric features,categorical features, spline variables and individual flags. Variablescan also be grouped into the three indices, for example. Variables canbe evaluated using univariate (chi square, t-test) against the outcomeof transfer to a higher level of care. Three of the four vital signs,heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and mean arterial pressure(MAP), are required to receive a physiology score and the subsequent SOIscore in some cases. In the absence of a documented MAP, mean arterialpressure can be calculated using a formula MAP=⅓ systolic bloodpressure+⅔ diastolic blood pressure, for example. In embodiments, theSupport Index can comprise ten therapies identified by logisticregression from a list of more than forty potential therapies(pacemaker, artificial airway, invasive positive pressure ventilation(IPPV), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), hemodialysis(HD), antiarrhythmic agents (IV or oral), intravenous antibiotics,inotropes (IV or oral), vasopressors (IV), and intravenous insulin).Fewer or more therapies may be used for the Support Index. The SupportIndex can be generated by attributing point values to any one or more ofthese ten therapies, for example, delivered during the last 24-hourperiod. In some cases, patients receive points associated with a SupportIndex if they receive therapy in the prior 24 hours. In embodiments, thetrend of a Support Index over a patient's stay in a medical facility(for any time increments, for example over 24 hours) can be a keyconsideration in the model.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary view 300 of a page, such as an MPage in anexample, viewed by a medical professional. In the example in view 300,patient 310 has been selected for viewing, and view 300 includes thepatient's age, gender, location in a medical facility, and diagnosis. Inembodiments, view 300 includes a warning symbol such as text stating“Moderate,” “High,” or “Critical” risk, or an item such as a triangleicon including an exclamation point, which can alert a medicalprofessional that at least one warning or alert is associated withpatient 310. For example, a textual indicator can include a display ofone or more warnings or risk categories such as the word “Moderate” oranother first category can be in black text, the word “High” can be inorange text and bolded, or another second category (or similar terms orgradients in other languages, etc.) in a second color and/or style oftext, and the term “Critical” can be in red font and/or bolded, etc., oranother term or indicator of a highest level of deterioration risk. Inthis example, a warning exists that explains the selected patient 310has a critical risk of requiring transfer to a higher level of care. Thewarning, in some cases, is based on the SOI scores in table 316including the SOI of “65” shown for day 322 (“Day 3”). View 300 can alsoinclude panel 328 showing details of the SOI score for Day 3, such as aPI, CI, and SI, along with a Diagnosis and a value for a hospital riskof mortality. View 300 can also indicate a benchmark length of stay forpatient 310. A medical professional can use the warning shown in view300 to intervene with medical treatments, adjust the intervals ofmonitoring such as the frequency of when vital signs are recorded, or toprepare a medical facility and/or patient for transfer, for example. TheSOI scores and the example of a warning in FIG. 3 based on a sequence ofthree changes in SOI scores, would not have been detected by multiplemedical professionals because they depend on subtle changes analyzedover a sequence of EMRs.

FIG. 4 shows an illustrative interface 400 showing patients and otherinformation, for example patient data that may be displayed for acritical care unit or facility via a dashboard or other display on adevice, such as an overview of patients used by a medical professional,in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In thisexample, patients in a unit of a medical facility, or all patients in amedical facility, can be viewed using interface 400, so that medicalprofessionals can view one or more warnings on a screen of a device, forexample. In this embodiment, a Patient List “3S” is selected as shown byselection box 410, which has been set to “3S.” A list of patients inpatient column 418 shows the names or other identifiers of patientslocated in a medical unit labeled “3S,” for example. Location column 424can provide information regarding locations of patients within a medicalunit “3S,” in this example. Each patient's diagnosis or one or morehistorical or potential diagnoses for a patient can be listed indiagnosis column 430, and an alert column 436 can display an icon orother indication of an alert for each patient displayed using interface400. In some cases, column 442 can include one or more indicators suchas arrows or numbers, such as graphic indicators, statistics, orpredictions, in some cases including one or more SOI values or trendsassociated with each patient. Mortality column 448 can indicate apercentage or other value associated with mortality. In some cases,patients can be displayed according to alerts, such as the alertsindicated in alert column 436, or according to the highest values incolumn 442 relating to patient outcomes, or according to mortalitycolumn 448 values. Continuing with the example in FIG. 4, length of staycolumn 454 shows each patient's length of stay (predicted length of stayand/or actual length of stay), in some cases including the length ofstay on bed rest or in recovery, for example, or other types of stays inmedical facilities, such as in acute care. In some cases column 454shows or provides access to information relating to a Predicted stay,and Actual stay, and a Remaining length of stay for patients, as shownin one exemplary interface 400 at column 454. Interface 400 includessearch box 460 that allows professionals to search for a particularpatient, diagnosis, or other characteristic. The alerts indicated inFIG. 4 can be based on SOI scores as described herein, in some cases incombination with other absolute scores or other considerations. Variousicons, symbols, or information can be included, for example in alertcolumn 436, to enable an overview of patients in a unit and warnings oralerts associated with the patients. As shown in the illustrativeinterface 400 in FIG. 4, an exemplary patient 466 (“Vas, Greg”) is shownwith a diagnosis of Bacterial Pneumonia and one deterioration alert 478,as well as an SOI that has trended upwards since yesterday.Deterioration alert 478 can be determined according to a trend based onchanges in severity of overall illness scores using four sets of data,for example, independent of any diagnoses. Patient 470 (“Shumer, Cary”)is shown in FIG. 4 associated with alert 482, such as a graphical,color-coded or shaded, icon or symbol or textual note, flag, or warning.For example, as shown for patient 474 (“Carter, Joy”), the alert 486 forthis patient is not as dark as alert 482, or it is in a different color(such as a dimmer or lighter color such as shade of gray). FIG. 5includes first chart 500 of potential considerations such as examples ofother independent variables that can contribute to determining alikelihood of deterioration of a patient including a likelihood thattransfer may be needed or that additional monitoring should be employed,which can be implemented in all or in party along with one or moreadditional considerations (not shown) in varying degrees or weights(e.g., in ratios or according to different aspects than as specificallyshown in the illustrative examples in FIG. 5). FIG. 5 also includessecond chart 520 showing use of a combination of one of more (such asthree consecutive) changes in SOI scores to determine a trend or alikelihood or other output independently (as stated in FIG. 5 at 520),or using such a sequence or pattern (or resulting trend) in combinationwith one or more other potential considerations, such as theillustrative examples in first chart 500 and included in second chart520, in any amount of degrees or weight according to configurations orpreferences, with the examples shown in FIG. 5 as optional orrepresentational examples of considerations that can contribute tovarying extents as shown for certain illustrations in FIG. 5. In somecases, the considerations in FIG. 5 are the remaining variables used todetermine a deterioration score (in addition to an overall SOI score orsequence of scores, and/or SI, PI and/or CI scores). In embodiments ofthe present invention, ongoing validation and decay tracking can lead toupdated coefficients and/or modifications in the specific independentvariables considered. In the example in FIG. 5, embodiments of thepresent invention consider information that can be obtained fromsequential clinical assessments, for example, any support itemsassociated with a patient in the last 24 hour period, and any change ina patient's Support Index (SI) in the last 48 hours (last six eight-hourintervals), although these time periods can be adjusted. Embodiments caninclude changes in measurements over any time periods from admission toa current time period. Embodiments can also consider any intravenousantibiotics administered in the last 24 hours, for example. Otherfactors considered include comorbidities, MAX measure of minRR relatingto respiration data or measurements, and/or a permanent pacemaker, forexample. Additional factors could include gender, a prior acuity levelof ICU, and/or a log Daynum relating to a number of days. Otherconsiderations can be a change in SOI score, whether a patient has ahigh risk of transfer, and/or a previous length of stay (LOS) for apatient. In some cases, five other independent variables relate to achange in SOI scores, or a patient's need for support, which cantogether account for two-thirds of the remaining variability captured inone or more models. As discussed herein, one or more changes in SOIscores, such as a sequence of three changes based on data captured atfour points in a 24-hour period, are used to determine risk in somecases without additional considerations, or such considerations could beembedded in or used to weight specific SOI score(s).

Turning to FIG. 6, a diagram 600 of one or more processes or steps bydevices or components in embodiments are disclosed, including receivinga first set of electronic medical record data associated with a firstpatient during a first interval and calculating a first overall severityof illness score, as shown at 610. The first set of data can be one ormore data points, such as a snapshot of vitals or other informationrelating to a patient received, for example, as captured at thebeginning of a 24-hour period, and the first SOI score associated withthis first set of EMR data can be calculated according to one moretechniques described herein. At 614, a second set of electronic medicalrecord data associated with the patient during a second interval isreceived and a second overall severity of illness score is calculated.In some cases, the data is associated with the patient during a secondinterval (for example from the beginning of a 24-hour period until houreight, approximately, or as configured for capturing or factoring incertain data for a patient), but is not necessarily received by a systemduring that interval. For example, at the 24-hour mark or at some pointafter a threshold of data has been captured or accumulated, the sets orEMR data described herein can be received at the same or approximatelythe same time or in any order, as pushed or requested or available. Asshown at 618, a third set of electronic medical record data associatedwith the first patient during a third interval is received and a thirdoverall severity of illness score is calculated. At 622, a fourthelectronic medical record data associated with the first patient duringa fourth interval is received and a fourth overall severity of illnessscore is calculated.

Turning to 626, a first change in severity of illness score based on adifference between the second and first sets of EMR data (for example adifference between the second and first overall SOI scores) iscalculated, and at 630 the first change is classified as Up, Flat, orDown, for example to the extent the second overall SOI score is greateror less than, or equal to, the first overall SOI score. At 634, a secondchange in SOI score based on a difference between the third and secondsets of EMR data (for example the difference between the third andsecond overall SOI scores) is calculated, which is classified as Up,Flat, or Down at 638, for example to the extent the third overall SOIscore is greater or less than, or equal to, the second overall SOIscore. In some cases, “Up,” “Down,” and “Flat” as used herein meanssubstantially or materially “Up,” “Down,” or “Flat,” for example as setby parameters or thresholds or configured (e.g., where an institution orprovider sets and/or refines the sensitivity or levels used), or asdetermined to be statically significant, recurring, or identified bymodels such as machine-learning approaches or regression analyses. At642, a third change in SOI score based on a difference between thefourth and third sets of EMR data (for example the difference betweenthe fourth and third overall SOI scores) is calculated, which isclassified as Up, Flat, or Down at 646, for example to the extent thefourth overall SOI score is greater or less than, or equal to, the thirdoverall SOI score.

In FIG. 6, at 650, a trend in the severity of overall illness score(s)associated with the first change, the second change, and/or the thirdchange is detected, and, at 654, a risk of transfer for the firstpatient is determined based a trend in the severity of overall illnessscore data. As shown at 658, an output can be caused in some cases to beadministered for the patient based on the risk, such as a warning on aninterface or otherwise associated with a patient or patient's EMR thatthe patient has a risk of transfer, or an increase in treatment such asmore frequent monitoring or data capture. An output may order one ormore additional changes in severity of illness scores to be calculated,classified, and/or considered for the patient and, in some cases, it mayupdate the risk of transfer after one or more additional intervals occuror are captured that provide set(s) of medical data.

FIG. 7 likewise illustrates a diagram 700 of one or more potentialprocesses included in some embodiments, such as a patient-recordcomponent accessing sets of patient data, such as electronic medicalrecords, as shown at 710 (first, second, third, and fourth sets, in thisexample), and a risk -level component detecting four SOI scoresassociated with the sets (one each) at 714. At 718, a change-in-SOIcomponent determines three changes in SOI scores, for example, and atrend-detection component at 722 detects one or more trends associatedwith these changes in SOI scores (and in some cases using one or moreequations, as well). In embodiments, at 722, trend detection isdetermined and optionally risk levels are based on the trend itselfand/or a trend plus other variables in an assignment of risk levels. Anew or second trend can be an update based on three changes in SOIscores including a one or more new or additional changes in SOI scores,for example based on a fifth set of patient records (in some cases withone or more new or more-recent scores displacing an oldest orleast-reliable SOI score in the analyses); and a trend in embodiments iscontinuously updated, such as with each new 8-hour interval that iscaptured or occurs, or being continually-refreshed with respect to threechanges, for example, over the last four or most-recent SOI scores for apatient.

At 726, an optional output component causes an increased level of caresuch as a warning displayed using interface 400. At 730, trend detectioncan be determined with, optionally, risk levels based on a trend itselfor a trend and other variables as described at 722, by the same or adifferent trend-detention component. At 734, risk levels are assigned,and are configurable using thresholds of the trend itself and/or a trendplus other variables, which can be set by a clinician and/or facilitysuch as a medical entity. At 738, in an example, a system directs that acertain patient will be requested to be transferred or flagged fortransfer or physically transferred to another level of care or toincreased monitoring or other interventions. In embodiments, the same ora different trend-detection component detects a new trend associatedwith changes in SOI scores including a new or additional change in SOIscore received by the system, for example after more time such as an8-hour interval has passed, and a new trend is detected using,optionally, risk levels based on a trend itself or a trend and othervariables.

In embodiments, the Delta or change in a Support Index over the prior 48hours is the third largest driver in the model. In some cases, averageSupport Index scores decrease prior to discharge but increase prior totransfer. In some embodiments, four other independent variables can beconsidered as meeting the criteria for inclusion in the deteriorationmodel (for example by meeting a P<0.001 criteria): female gender(related to an overall lower risk of deterioration), length of stay inthe current level of care (log Daynum), length of stay in the hospitalprior to the current level of care (preLOS), and having been transferredfrom an ICU to the current level of care. In embodiments, electronichealth records are used to capture data at time intervals for theseconsiderations. A high or critical risk of transfer flag is used inembodiments, based on a sequence of the last three changes in SOI scoresin the 24-hour period leading up to a transfer for patients at risk,compared to patients that will be discharged normally.

In some cases, factors considered that can increase or decrease the riskof transfer for a patient can be ranked or considered in order of theireffect on deterioration risk. For example, a patient's current SOI scorecan have the most effect in some cases and can be considered asincreasing the risk of transfer of a patient to a different level ofcare or to more-frequent monitoring. The patient's need for supportitems in the last 24 hours or other time period can also be consideredas having a relatively large effect on deterioration risk or onincreasing the risk of transfer, in some cases. The factors discussed inthis paragraph can be considered as discussed in descending order ofeffect on risk scores of a patient, in embodiments, if they exist. Arange scaled support index value can also have a relatively large effecton the patient's risk scores, in some embodiments, also by increasingthe risk of transfer, for example. The factors of a MAX measure ofminRR, relating to blood pressure measurements, and a permanentpacemaker can both be considered as having an effect on risk scoresincluding changes in scores over an interval, in some cases asdecreasing the risk of transfer of the patient. In some cases, thefactors of an antibiotic IV in the last 24 hours, a CAD or MI, or valvedisease are considered as increasing the risk of transfer. In oneexample, the next factors in descending order of effect on risk scoresare being female (gender) and a change in SOI score, with both of thesefactors potentially decreasing the risk of transfer of a patient. Thefactors of prior activity level of ICU, log Daynum, and bleeding can beconsidered as increasing the risk of transfer, as well as such factorsas a high-risk transfer, previous length of stay, and cancer. Thesefactors can be assigned coefficients reflecting their descending orderof effect on deterioration risk, as reflected by the order discussed inthis paragraph or as determined by calculations including using machinelearning algorithms. The descending coefficients assigned to thesefactors (and others, in embodiments) can be used in equations todetermine a patient's deterioration risk. In some cases, observations ofdata sets confirm the predictions based on these factors with only minorvariations.

In embodiments of the present invention, patients are identified asbeing part of a “critical risk” category, for example based on their SOIscore sequence over three intervals reflecting changes in SOI scoresusing data from four points (including no changes or no detectible orsignificant changes), and could be flagged based on various sensitivitylevels. For example, if only one out of five identified patients aretransferred, a sensitivity level is approximately 20% but specificitycan be as high as 90%, for example. Adding additional monitoringsequences into the prediction of transfer can improve sensitivity, forexample to a higher percent, such as over 45%, but may lower specificityand accuracy to less than 70%, for example.

In one example relating to GT 12-LE 24 hours, an equation for predictingdeterioration can include a current SOI score, a range of scaled SupportIndex (for example the last 1 to 6 intervals), preLOS (e.g., LOS inprior location in fractional days), age, SDU, prior acuity level of ICUand/or ED, length of stay at current level of care, vital measures(e.g., maximum measure of minimum RR since admission and/or change inmaximum heart rate), comorbidities (e.g., bleeding, cardiac arrest ormyocardial infraction, and/or cancer), support (such as IV antibioticssince admission to the current location), and interactions (such as IVantibiotics relating to prior location acuity and/or cardiac arrest ormyocardial infraction and prior location acuity). In another examplerelating to GT 24 hours, an equation for predicting deterioration caninclude a current SOI score, SOI sequence of three intervals, change inSOI score, range of scaled Support Index (for example the last 1 to 6intervals), preLOS, gender such as female, SDU, prior acuity level,logDaynum of current level of care, vital measures (such as maximummeasure of minimum RR since admission), comorbidities (bleeding, cardiacarrest or myocardial infraction, cancer, and/or valve disease), and/orsupport (IV antibiotics within 24 hours, permanent pacemaker, and/ortotal support items in the last 24 hours).

Users can view one or more deterioration risk categories, or patientsincluded in or nor more categories for example by indicators, such astext including punctuation (e.g., an exclamation point or other symbol)and/or by color-coding or icons including graphic shapes, images,shading, or other visual representations of the risk categoriesassociated with one or more patients. These risk categories can be basedon one or more trends representing sequences of the last three changesin scores, for example severity of overall illness scores. As describedherein, a certain trend can be detected based on changes of SOI scoresover time intervals comprising Up, Up, Up, for example (or Up, Up, Flat;or in other cases Up, Flat, Up or Up, Flat, Flat) associated with datafor the first patient, and in some cases this trend is the basis for ahigh or critical risk of deterioration or deterioration score that mayresult in more monitoring of the patient.

If a fifth data set is analyzed for a first patient to determine afourth change in a score (for example at an 8-hour interval after the24-hour mark, or sooner), then this fourth change (along with the secondand third changes from a prior analysis—or the changes that rise above athreshold amount in some cases) can be used as the three changes in somecases, while excluding the fourth or oldest change available todetermine a second trend. The first, second, third, and fourth sets ofelectronic medical record data associated with the first patient can bereceived without intervention by a medical professional or manual inputin embodiments. A deterioration risk including its associated warning isdisplayed to users such as medical professionals in some cases, forexample using an interface such as interface 400 discussed above, and anindication of risk can be color-coded and/or include text.

In some cases, a system for implementing patient care levels is used andincludes a patient-record component that accesses first, second, third,and fourth sets of data or records associated with a first patient and ascoring component, wherein the scoring component determines a firstscore based the first set of patient data, a second score based on thesecond set of patient data, a third score based on the third set ofpatient data, and a fourth score based on the fourth set of patientdata. Such a system may include a classifying component that classifiesthe first, second, and third changes, and a trend-detection componentthat detects a first trend associated with a first set of changesincluding the first, second, and third changes. Embodiments may alsoinclude a risk-level component that assigns a first level of risk forthe first patient based on the first trend. One or more devicesdiscussed in connection with the Figures herein including interface 400can be used to display or access risk categories or warnings associatedwith embodiments.

For example, increases (such as above a threshold) comprising two orthree of the three changes analyzed as a pattern or sequence by thesystem can cause a patient to be determined as having a “critical” riskof transfer, but embodiments can be created to allows a medicalprofessional or entity to set one or more thresholds to fit their needsin terms of resources, acuity of patients, etc., and in some cases oneor more threshold options are recommended to users, e.g., user 204,associated with a medical facility, for example, with options to viewoutcomes relating to setting each threshold at a higher or lower level.In embodiments, threshold values and other settings, including humaninteractions, can be analyzed from distributed sources such as variousentities utilizing embodiments to enable embodiments of a system asdescribed herein to provide up-to-date or more-comprehensive predictionsor data points (including in some cases as determined from data withprivacy restrictions where embodiments of a system as described hereincan distill and/or provide certain information, such as recommendationswithout personally-identifiable information, without violating suchrestrictions).

In embodiments, systems and methods are provided that implement specifictechniques relating to determining and/or addressing patients' needs orfuture odds of needing increased care. Systems can analyze electronicpatient medical records accessed by the system from one or moredistributed sources and identify trends associated with an increasedrate of deterioration among a first subset of patients, compared to anearlier rate of deterioration, for example. In embodiments, identifyingone or more trends (or individual changes in SOI scores between two datasets or time points) includes applying a first multivariate logisticregression.

In some examples, the amount or frequency of bedside interventions bynurses or other medical professionals is considered, in some cases asone factor, to determine whether a patient is deteriorating ordeteriorating more quickly. Additionally, certain patients may havedifferent criteria that affects the thresholds or levels or changesdetected by embodiments of the present invention. For example, datarelating to an elderly or ill patient, or a patient with clinicalcomorbidity, may be calibrated differently than data relating to ahealthy patient. Subtle changes in EMR data for certain types ofpatients may cause a warning or alert even earlier for an ill or elderlypatient, for example. In other cases, changes in EMR data for a healthypatient can trigger an alert sooner due to fewer expected changes.

Embodiments of the present invention can detect early, subtle signs ofpatients' needs for increased levels of care, in some cases before anevent such a cardiac or respiratory event occurs. In some cases, morethan one threshold is used, for example a first threshold for providingan alert that a patient needs an increased level of care (or for placinga warning, order, or command to transfer a patient), and a second-tierthreshold for providing an alert or recommendation that a patient needsincreased monitoring (or for causing an order or instruction to collectelectronic medical data more frequently). For example, the firstthreshold could be if a patient is in the top 10% of patients most atrisk of deterioration. In that case, a warning or command could beissued for patients in the top 10% relating to transfer of thosepatients. In embodiments, medical professionals or other decision-makerscan configure the threshold values for transfer of a patient (or analert relating to the likelihood of transfer) and for increasedmonitoring (or a warning or recommendation to increase monitoring, or insome cases the automatic increase of intervals for collecting medicaldata such as vital signs).

As described herein with reference to specific examples, embodiments ofthe present invention can monitor patients at greatest risk ofdeterioration, particularly patients outside of an ICU or critical carelocation. In embodiments, the calculations are based on data that is aby-product of clinical documentation and can provide alerts toclinicians at the patient's bedside in the best position to affectchange for the patient. Embodiments of the present invention can expandthe use of a Severity of Illness score to one that can be used within adeterioration model that automatically predicts and estimates risk oftransfer for patients. Additionally, because the data and thresholds arebased on EMRs including data collected or received in association withmedical device(s), subtle changes that practitioners would not manuallyenter or recognize can be used (and at an earlier time than caregiverswould implement), and continuous, accurate data and scoring can beimplemented. In embodiments, the thresholds used are based on objectivevalidations relating to transfer rates.

The present invention has been described in relation to particularembodiments, which are intended in all respects to be illustrativerather than restrictive. Further, the present invention is not limitedto these embodiments, but variations and modifications may be madewithout departing from the scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method of managing patientalerts, the method comprising: accessing a first set of patient dataassociated with a first patient and a second set of patient dataassociated with the first patient; determining a first score based onthe first set of patient data; determining a second score based on thesecond set of patient data; detecting a trend associated with a changebetween the first score and the second score; assigning a first level ofrisk for the first patient based on the trend; and based on the firstlevel of risk, outputting a warning associated with the first patientfor an interface.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, whereinthe warning comprises a graphical indication of the first patient. 3.The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the graphicalindication comprises color-coded text.
 4. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 2, wherein the graphical indication comprises an icon.5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the interfaceprovides access to view one or more indications of patients, includingthe first patient, associated with the first level of risk.
 6. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first score and thesecond score comprise severity of illness scores and the trendcorresponds to an increase in severity of illness scores.
 7. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the trend is associatedwith a critical deterioration risk.
 8. The computer-implemented methodof claim 1, further comprising: receiving a third set of electronicmedical data associated with the first patient; determining a thirdscore based on the third set of electronic medical data; determining asecond trend associated with a change between the second score and thethird score; and assigning a second level of risk for the first patientbased on the trend.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8,further comprising directing an increase in monitoring of the firstpatient based on the second level of risk.
 10. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1, wherein the first set of patient data corresponds toa first time point and the second set of patient data corresponds to asecond time point.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10,wherein an interval between the first and second time points comprisesapproximately eight hours.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim1, wherein the first and second sets of electronic medical record dataassociated with the first patient are received without intervention by amedical professional.
 13. A system for indicating patient risk levels,the system comprising a patient-record component that accesses a firstset of patient data associated with a first patient, and a second set ofpatient data associated with the first patient; a scoring component thatdetermines a first score based on the first set of patient data, and asecond score based on the second set of patient data; a classifyingcomponent that classifies a change between the first score and thesecond score; a trend-detection component that detects a trendassociated with the change between the first score and the second score;a risk-level component that assigns a first level of risk for the firstpatient based on the trend; and an output component that causes awarning to be associated with the first patient on an interface.
 14. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the warning comprises color-coded text. 15.The system of claim 13, wherein the warning comprises an icon.
 16. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the interface provides access to one or moreindications of patients, including the first patient, associated withthe first level of risk.
 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the firstlevel of risk indicates an above-average risk of transfer for the firstpatient.
 18. A system for displaying increases in patient care levels,the system comprising: analyzing electronic medical records accessed bythe system; identifying one or more patients associated with theelectronic medical records; identifying one or more trends associatedwith an increased rate of deterioration among a first subset of the oneor more patients identified based on the electronic medical records,compared to an earlier rate of deterioration; and providing, for displayat an interface, an indication of a first treatment level for the subsetof the one or more patients based on the one or more trends identified.19. The system of claim 18, wherein the indication comprises a symbol.20. The system of claim 18, wherein identifying the one or more trendsincludes applying a first multivariate logistic regression.